＂大众创业 万众创新＂和企业什么关系

编者的话

在国家鼓励“大众创业，万众创新”的背景环境下，新一轮创业潮正在悄然出现。苹果、微软、百度这些由大学生创立的知名公司的故事，也助燃了年轻人创业的激情。

近日，人人网大学生用户研究中心发起一项2015年大学生创业态度调查，在3872名参与调查的90后大学生中，56.3%表示愿意在上大学期间尝试创业。50.3%创业动机是希望发家致富；41.8%称创业是因为喜欢创新、尝试新东西和新事物；6.7%称为积累实践经验；另有1.2%表示会因为创业很时髦、追着风潮去尝试创业。

不管出于何种原因，在现如今的大环境下，创新创业已成为青年人心向往之的追求和梦想，但现实并非如理想那般丰满，创业者个体的失败率非常高。如何提高创业者的成功率？换言之如何提高创业者的创业技能、素质和企业家精神？本文作者从JA-YE欧洲的“创业技能通关”(Entrepreneurial Skills Pass简称ESP)出发，告诉你培养未来企业家的好方法。

国外教授观点

为年轻人提供职场通行证

欧盟委员会在要求欧洲各成员国支持欧洲经济增长和商业创新时，强调“在义务教育结束前，要尽可能地为年轻人提供创业锻炼的机会，如让他们经营一个小公司、负责某公司的创业型项目或某一项社会事业等。”

帮助年轻人做好进入职场的准备、创造就业机会和新的企业、制定青年就业能力提升方案是解决欧洲“青年中心化”所带来一系列紧迫社会问题的基本措施。为了实现这一总体目标，让年轻人有机会参加以劳动力市场所需技能为核心的创新性学习项目、促进教师思维定势的改变、鼓励和欢迎商业创新及其带来的就业岗位就成为了关键。

在探索有助于长期经济增长和就业能力提升的教育策略中，欧盟委员会把“小微公司”认定为青年创业能力培养的一个成功概念。其背后的思想是运用“在实践中学习”的方法论，通过一个有清晰学习步骤和成果评估的教育项目，让在校学生、老师真正参与到一家小微公司的创建和经营中来，教育项目最终聚焦在学生基本技能的实践应用上。

JA-YE是欧洲最大的创业教育课程供应商，其在小学、中学、职业学校和大学的学员共计320万，他们在中学层面开展的“公司项目”被欧盟委员会企业董事会总董事认可为“创业教育最佳案例”。在该项目实施的38个国家中，教师会在学生创建企业、构想创意、筹资以及生产产品和销售产品等不同阶段给予专业指导。在项目进行过程中，学生积极主动承担责任，培养了创新能力和实践能力；学会了团队合作；获得了企业管理的经验；理解了经济学和金融学对于企业项目成功的意义以及数学、科学、语言、写作、技术或专业技能科目在实践中的应用价值。不管将来选择什么样的职业道路，学生们在这个项目中培养的能力都将会是受益匪浅，同时，他们还具备了自主创业或成为自由职业者所需的必要技能。

来自企业的志愿者导师的参与同样也起到了重要作用，他们帮助学生将课堂所学理论知识同校外的世界联系起来，作为专家顾问，他们的存在是对课上老师的一个很好的补充。

尽管每年都会有成千上万的年轻人参与到“小微公司”项目中学习，他们也都会相应地得到当地颁发的参与认证，但是到目前为止，还没有一个欧洲认证，来明确提升学生所具备的特种创业知识、技能和能力。因此，“创业技能通关”(EntrepreneurialSkills Pass简称ESP)将会引发潜在雇主的兴趣，也有助于鼓励在校生抓住接受创业教育的机会。“创业技能通关”也可以作为一个工具来评估这种跨越多国的教育项目的影响力和有效性。

JA-YE欧洲、连同WKO和CSR欧洲开发了“创业技能通关”认证，参与者需完成一个小公司经营经验和在线测试。ESP持有者将成为一群独特的、拥有企业家精神的高质量人才。

ESP认证是“欧洲商业运动就业技能”的一部分，是CSR欧洲和JA-YE欧洲共同发起的一个项目，旨在号召公司针对技能和就业能力等相关的问题，如劳动力老龄化，日益严重的技能缺口和停滞不前的社会经济发展等提供应对方案。同教育者一样，雇主们也很支持ESP认知并把它看成年轻人进行再教育，走向职场或自主创业的绝对优势。

（本文于2014年4月3日，发表在CSR Europe“企业2020”博客）

老于点评

“大众创业，万众创新”和企业什么关系

“大众创业，万众创业”对于新常态下的中国发展具有战略性意义，中国的发展需要创新驱动，需要无数的创新点汇聚。然而，创业和创新绝非易事，绝非纸上谈兵，绝非一朝一夕。“大众创业，万众创新”，和企业有什么关系？对企业有什么好处？企业应该怎么做？

我们常常赞赏那些以企业为主的尖端创新，殊不知互联网时代的微创新也是推动社会进步的不竭源泉，这种微创新既来源于企业内部，也来自于社会方方面面。微创新引发大改变，微创新汇聚新浪潮。具有活力的企业，无一不是在内部到场闪烁着创新的光芒，鼓励员工创新、创业，营造包容、自由的氛围。在很多科技型公司，让员工自发提出创新项目，企业配套相关资源，项目发展起来可以留在企业内部，也可以独立发展。这样的企业，也许就代表着未来。

鼓励社会创新，又是具有活力的领先企业的做法，既推动社会发展，又让公司时刻站在创新的潮头。英特尔支持中美创客大赛，支持社会创新，因为英特尔了解当今的创新需要“从群众中来，到群众中去（innovation from anyone to everyone)”；惠普中国曾经的以科技支持年轻人创业，也希望把自身的发展和年轻人结合起来。 创新不易，创业更难。对于年轻人来说，有创新的基因，但需要创新的指导和创业的能力。这无疑给企业提出了要求，也提供了舞台。当企业在寻找贡献于社会的项目时，多选择哪些和自身业务和专长相关的领域，帮助年轻人创新、创业，无论对企业还是社会，都会受益更多。

以下是英文原文

Offeringyoung people a PASS to the world of work

“Offer the opportunity toyoung people to have at least one practical entrepreneurial experience beforeleaving compulsory education, such as running a mini-company, being responsiblefor an entrepreneurial project for a company or a social project”.

This quote is part of what the European Commission is asking theMember States to support growth and business creation across Europe. Readyingyoung people to enter the workforce, creating jobs and new enterprises,developing innovative youth employability-enhancing solutions are fundamentalactions to address some of the most pressing youth-centred social problems inEurope. In order to achieve this overarching objective, it is key to allowyoung people to have access to innovative learning programmes centred on theskills and abilities needed in the labour market, to promote a change ofmind-set among teachers, to encourage new business creation and the jobs thatcome with them.

Searching for education strategies that can aid long-term growth andemployability, the European Commission has identified mini-companies asone among the most successful concepts fostering entrepreneurialeducation. The idea behind this is to involve students and teachers insetting up and running a “real” mini-company while being at school, through aneducation programme based on a clear set of steps and learning outcomes andmainly focused on learning-by-doing methodologies and practical application of students’basic skills.

(JA-YE) is Europe’s largest provider of entrepreneurship education programmes, reaching 3.2 millionstudents in primary, secondary, vocational school and at university. The JA-YE CompanyProgramme at secondary level is recognised by the European CommissionEnterprise Directorate General as a ‘Best Practice in EntrepreneurshipEducation’. Implemented in 38 countries, educators guide their students asthey set up their enterprise, come up with an idea, raise capital throughshares, produce their product and take it to market. Through this programmestudents develop their ability to generate ideas and turn them into action;learn how to work in a team, take initiative and accept responsibility;experience what it means to manage a real enterprise; understand how economicsand finance contribute to the project’s success; apply their math, science,language, writing, technological or specialized skills in a new and practicalway. The competences students gain here will be valuable no matter what careerpath they choose and at the same time they have the skills they need to starttheir own business or be self-employed.

The engagement of volunteer mentors from enterprises plays animportant role as well, helping students make the connection between what theyare learning and the world outside school. Their role as expert advisor is anexcellent complement to the role of the teacher in the classroom.

While thousands of young people take part in mini-companies eachyear and they may receive a certificate of participation locally, there has todate never been a European certification that explicitly promotes theparticular kind of entrepreneurial knowledge, skills and competences thesestudents have. An “Entrepreneurial Skills Pass” would be attractive topotential employers and it would also help encourage more young people tochoose entrepreneurship education opportunities at school. It also servesas a tool to assess impact and effectiveness of this kind of education acrossmultiple countries.

JA-YE Europe, together with WKO and CSR Europe, have developed theEntrepreneurial Skills Pass (ESP) whichrequires completion of a mini-company experience and an online test. ESPholders will become a pool of uniquely qualified and highly enterprisingcandidates.

The ESP is part of the European Business Campaign on Skills for Jobs,an initiative promoted by CSR Europe and JA-YE Europe convening companies toprovide an answer to business risks related to skills and employability such asan ageing workforce, a growing skills gap and stagnating socio-economicdevelopment. Employers and educators alike back the ESP as a competitiveadvantage for young people pursuing further education, entering the world of workor starting a venture on their own.

(责任编辑：小黑)